It is proposed that the recent change in the weather conditions in the region is primarily responsible for this event through geological, glaciological and permafrost processes. It is also suggested that the increase in summer precipitation might have forced thickening of the accumulation area and thereby increasing the shear stress for sliding of the glacier. At ~ 40 m depth, the delayed response of 2012–2016 warming produced peak positive temperature conditions by December and probably facilitated the formation of thin film of water at the deeper layers acting as a lubricant for glacier sliding. ![]() Permafrost modelling suggest warm permafrost below 50 m and conditions favorable for intense frost cracking at to 10–15 m. Central lobe of the glacier advanced during this period and eventually fell off in 2016 suggesting that the LST warming forced reduction of frictional drag at the interface facilitating it advancement and eventual dislodgement. Mean annual LST increased from − 0.3 o C in 2012 to a peak of 0.4 o C in 2016. Snow cover during monsoon months showed increasing trend and September, October and November experienced decreasing trend at glacier elevations. Since 2012, monsoon precipitation and mean annual land surface temperature (LST) showed significant increasing trend. ![]() Role of precipitation, snow cover, land surface temperature and permafrost processes were investigated for identifying causes of the event. and travelled 12.4 km before hitting the infrastructure projects. This right lobe of the glacier was located over a mountain slope having an average slope of 35 o at 4700–5555 m a.s.l. Study shows that the debris flow is caused due detachment of 0.59 km ² right lobe of a hanging glacier and resultant ice-rock avalanche. Around 200 people lost their lives, two hydro-power project were badly damaged and a bridge across the Rishiganga River was washed off in the event. To do this, we highlight four particular areas that would be improved with increased collaboration between sea level science‐producing agencies like NASA and NOAA and provide a brief overview of steps that are being taken to address each of these areas.Ī catastrophic debris flow in the Rishiganga and Dhauli ganga river in Uttarakhand, India on 7th February 2021 left a trail of disaster. We discuss the ways that two of the federal science agencies that provide sea‐level observations and science-the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-can serve the needs of planners and decision‐makers when coupled with more overt and better coordination between the scientists at each agency. Improvements in the United States will also lead to direct benefits internationally given the global nature of the processes that drive sea‐level rise, and the global coverage of many of the observations we use to understand these processes. While focused on the United States many of the challenges and considerations we cover are relevant for other agencies and countries across the globe. In this commentary, we focus on the basic‐science foundation that underlies sea‐level adaptation efforts in the United States (U.S.) and the role that federal science‐producing agencies can play in supporting ongoing and future sea‐level planning. Additionally, the ice load decreases the energy-dissipating capacity of the wind turbine, so the earthquake resilience of the wind turbine is significantly decreased. Moreover, the thickness of the ice greatly influences the seismic behavior, while the influence of the ice boundary range is only within a certain range. Research results illustrate that ice changes the distribution form of the hydrodynamic pressure. Finally, we investigate the effect of the boundary range and ice thickness on the seismic performance of a turbine under near-field and far-field seismic actions. By conducting shaking table tests, the results demonstrate that the established numerical model is effective. Then, on this basis, we propose a simplified 3D numerical model that can simulate the interactions among the wind turbine, water and sea ice. ![]() First, the fluid–solid coupled equation for the water–ice–wind turbine is simplified by assigning reasonable boundary conditions and solving the motion equation, and the seismic motion equation of the wind turbine is developed. To investigate the seismic performance of a wind turbine that is influenced by both the ice load and the seismic load, the research proposes a numerical approach for simulating the seismic behavior of a wind turbine on a monopile foundation.
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